335 ______ 

W365 

883 THE 

opy 1 



.ENTOR'S MANUAL. 



A CIRCULAR OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION 

CONCEKNING 

PATENTS, TRADE-MARKS, LABELS 
AND COPYRIGHTS. 



BY yf 

ERNEST C. WEBB, 

Counsellor-at-Law in Patent Causes. 



PUBLISHED BY 

WEBB'S PATENT ACENCY, 

OFFICES, 22 CLIFF STREET, 
NEW YORK CITY. 



Correspondents at Washington, London, Berlin, Paris, 

Brussels, Vienna, Madrid, Copenhagen, Stockholm, 

St. Petersburg and Ottawa. 



THE INVENTOfi'S MANUAL. 



A CIRCULAR OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION 

CONCERNING 

PATENTS, TRADE-MARKS, LABELS 
AND COPYRIGHTS, 

BY ~jT 

ERNEST C . WEBB, 

Gffnnsdlor-at-fafo i» gateni Causes. 

(second *6iriovly APR 18 1883', 

Or ^ 

PUBLISHED BY 

WEBB'S PATENT AGENCY 

SOLICITORS OF AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENTS, 

22 CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK CITY. 

* ERNEST C. WEBB, 
HERBERT SOUTHW1CK. 
ARTHUR C. WEBB. 



<o f 

4 ■ 



Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1882, by 

ERNEST C. WEBB, 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. 



Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1883, by 

ERNEST C. WEBB, 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. D. C. 



IN TROD UCTOR Y TO FIRST EDITION. 



It has been aptly said that ".necessity is the mother 
of invention ." Assuming this to be true, the system of 
Patent Laws, by which the product of invention is pro- 
tected, and its exclusive use guaranteed for a specified 
time to the original discoverer, may well be considered 
in the light of a guardian to the otherwise helpless off- 
spring of necessity. 

For centuries the inventor was compelled to work in 
secrecy and seclusion. Every new machine, every new 
process in manufacture, met with the strongest opposi- 
tion, alike from the master workmen and their journey- 
men and apprentices, and in many cases from the Gov- 
ernment of the country in which the new invention 
first saw the light. The first class, the employers, op- 
posed it, from the fear that its introduction might lessen 
their profits ; the second, the workingmen, from a belief 
that its application might result in a reduction of wages 
and a corresponding dimunition in the number of hands 
employed; and the Government officials threw every 
obstacle in the way, lest the successful w-orking of the 
new process should diminish the receipts from the taxa- 
tion imposed upon manufacturers, or for the reason that 
dangerous dissensions might be created, and thus, the 
stability of the State be endangered. There existed 
also, the feeling against what are termed " Monoplies. " 
of which we have h$d so many illustrations in recent 



4 WEBb's LATENT AGEKCT, 

times, and these causes working together, engendered 
their naiural results, and made it a matter of the utmost 
difficulty for any inventor to reap the proper reward for 
the outcome of his skill and labor. Happily, we live in 
better times. All civilized nations now seek to encour- 
age and protect the inventor of any new and useful ma- 
chine or process, and he may, at moderate cost, so se- 
cure himself against all others, that he is almost certain 
to receive ample compensation. 

Among no other people has the inventive genius been 
so widely manifested as among the citizens of the 
United States, and it is, therefore, peculiarly fitting that 
our Patent Laws should be, as they are, based on broad 
and liberal principles, securing to the inventor absolute 
protection against those who would surreptitiously 
avail themselves of the fruits of his original concep- 
tions, wrought out, perhaps, by long and weary toil 
and research, while at the same time the cost of such an 
invaluable safeguard is placed within the means of all. 
It has ever been the policy of our Government to en- 
courage invention, and the result of this policy may be 
seen in the long array of grand discoveries in art, sci- 
ence and mechanics, which have conferred honor upon 
the American name. 

It is probnble that no field of human labor offers such 
certain and adequate reward as that of the invention of 
new and useful machines, processes, or methods of 
manufacture. The list of American inventors, who 
have won fame and fortune from the successful work- 
ing of patented inventions, would fill pages. r l he names 
of McCormack, Howe, Morse, Colt, Goodyear, Winans, 
Whitney, Hotchkiss, Edison, and many others, will at 



22 CLIFF STREET, N. Y. CITY. 5 

once occur to the reader, and they are but types of a 
large class. It is not always, however, inventions of 
apparently the first importance which prove the most 
profitable. The merest trifles sometimes produce almost 
fabulous sums, and it is in such cases that the pro- 
tection afforded by a patent is the most quickly 
felt. 

While the method of obtaining a patent under the 
United States Patent Laws is extremely simple, the ser- 
vices of a skilled attorney will, in nearly every case be 
found of incalculable advantage, In many instances 
the inventor will be saved much useless labor and re- 
search by confiding his interests to some rep table so- 
licitor, and the ultimate procurement of the patent 
sought greatly expedited. 

New York, February, 1882. 

ERNEST C. WEBB. 



SPECIAL NOTICE 



In publishing ihe second edition of " The Invent 
Manual," we desire particularly to call the attention of 
our friends to the very important reductions in the cost 
of obtaining patents through our agency, in Great Brit- 
ain, France, Germany, Belgium and other foreign coun- 
tries (see page 26), which our superior facili'ies for 
obtaining patents abroad enable us to make. We also 
invite your examination of our special department, re- 
ferred to on page 22. 

New York, February, 1883. 

WEBBS PATENT AGENCY 



The Inventor's Manual 



THE POLICY OF PATENT LAWS. 

The true policy of patent laws is to awaken ami 
stimulate the spirit of invention, by holding forth to the 
inventive mind an inducement to work. If an inventor 
could receive no benefit from the creation of his brain, 
fewer inventions would be made. Take away the op- 
portune y lo make money by the production of some- 
thing new and useful, and you lake away the incentive 
to invent— and it therefore follows, as a logical sequence, 
that the intellectual products of the inventor must 1 e 
fostered and protected. Our excellent patent system 
has been a very potent factor in developing our manu- 
facturing interests and the resources of the country, 
and it has been well said "If Europe does not amend 
its patent laws, America will speedily become the 
nursery of useful inventions for the world." 

WHAT IS A PATENT. 

A patent is in the natuie of a contract between the 
inventor and the Government, to the effect, that if the 
inventor shall disclose his invention to the public by 
filing a description of the same in such full, clear and 
exact terms, that any person skilled in the art or science 



8 webb's patent agency, 

to which it appertains may be able to make and use the 
invention so described, then the inventor or his assigns, 
or legal representatives shall have the exclusive right to 
make, use«and vend the invention for the term of 17 
years; and that at the expiration of this term, the right 
to make, use and vend the patented invention shall be- 
come common property. It will thus be seen that the 
true consideration for the grant of a patent is the dis- 
closure by the inventor, of his invention or discover} 7 , 
so that the same may at a certain time enure to the 
benefit of the whole people. 



WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. 

Any person who has invented or discovered any new 
or useful art, machine, manufacture or composition of 
matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, 
may, upon application in regular form, and upon the 
payment of the fees required by law, obtain a patent. 

HOW TO PROTECT AN INVENTION. 

When you conceive an invention, make a note of the 
date, and as your invention progresses, keep a careful 
record of each experiment. Always date your sketches 
and, if possible, have two or three of your friends sign 
their names to the sketches as witnesses. In this way 
you will make a record which you can always rely 
upon to prove the date of j r our invention. The import- 
ance of this is repeatedly illustrated in the Courts, 
where the failure of an inventor to prove the date of lais 
jnyention oftentimes results in nVfe^t. 



22 CLIFF STKKET, K. Y. CITY, 

WHAT IS PATENTABLE, 

Anything that is new and useful, or any new and 
useful improvement on existing devices which has not 
been known or used by others in this country, and not 
patented or described in any publication in this or any 
foreign country before the invention or discovery. 

THE APPLICATION FOR A PATENT, 

i. Preliminary Examination. 

Preliminary to the application for Letters Patent it is 
sometimes advisable to make what is usually called a 
"Preliminary Examination." The object of this is to 
ascertain if the invention forming the basis of the ap- 
plication has been previously patented in this country, 
by making a careful search through the records of the 
Patent Office, relating to the subject matter of the in- 
vention. 

We have unexcelled facilities for making Prelim- 
inary Examinations, which we do for a small charge, 
including the report in each case. 

2. The Application Papers. 

After the preliminary questions of determining the 
patentability of the invention have been disposed of, 
the next step is to prepare the application papers con- 
sisting of the specification or desciiption of the inven- 
tion, the petition praying for the grant of the patent, 
the oath of invention, and a complete drawing of the 
device. 



10 webb's patent agency, 

Great skill and care must be exercised in preparing 
the specification and claims, as a carelessly drawn speci- 
fication, and claims not comprehending the full scope 
of the invention, will invariably subject the inventor 
or subsequent owner of the patent, to the necessity of 
reissuing the patent, and oftentimes to great pecuniary 
loss. (See division on Reissue patents.) Hence it is 
absolutely imperative for the inventor to select a care- 
ful and experienced attorney to prepare the papers upon 
which his patent will be founded. 

j. What we Require in each Case. 

In order to properly prepare the specification and 
drawings we require the full name and address of the 
inventor, or inventors, a brief accurate statement of the 
invention, and a sketch illustrating it. 

Under the new rules of the Patent Office, models of 
inventions are not received except when specifically 
called for by the Examiner in charge of the case, but it 
is always better for an inventor to make a model, even 
if it is only a rough one, as it is in most cases of con- 
siderable assistance in preparing the application papers. 

When models are sent we do not require the sketch, 
but only a brief statement of the working of the model. 
Send in addition to the above the first fee of $lo upon 
receipt of which the papers will be immediately pre* 
pared and returned for execution. Models furnished to 
us for our inspeclion during preparation of the applica- 
tion and prosecution of the case, will be returned when 
called for. 



22 CLIFF STREET, N. Y. CITY. 11 

CAVEATS. 

The object of a caveat is to protect inventors while 
they are experimenting to perfect or demonstrate the 
practicability and utility of the invention. It consists of 
a brief description or specification of the invention and a 
drawing illustrating the same (when po-sible). These are 
filed in the confidential archives of the Patent Office 
and preserved in secrecy, and if application is made 
within one year from the date they are filed by any 
other person for a patent conflicting with the invention 
disclosed by the caveator, notice is immediately sent to 
the caveator, and he is required to file a complete ap- 
plication for a paieot within three months. Caveats 
can only be filed by citizens of the United States, or 
aliens who have resided in the United States for one 
year and have declared their intention to become 
citizens. 

REISSUE PATENTS. 

[Extract from Sec. 4916 Rev. Stat.] 

Whenever any patent is inoperative or invalid, by reason -of a 
defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the pat- 
entee claiming as his own invention or discovery more than he 
had a right to claim as new, if the error has arisen by inad- 
vertence, accident, or mistake, and without any f i audulent or 
deceptive intention, the Commissioner shall, on the sui render 
of such patent and the payment of the duty required by law, 
cause a new patent for the same invention, and in accordance 
with the corrected specification, to be issued to the patentee, or, 
in the case of his death or of an assignment of the whole or any 
undivided part of the original patent, then to his executors, 
administrators, or assigns, for the unexpired part of the term 
ot the original patent. 



i% Webb's patest agency, 

Iu a majority of cases the necessity of reissuing ft 
patent is due to the carelessness or inefficiency of the at- 
torney who prepared the original application papers. 
Very often the discovery that a patent is inoperative is 
not made until the manufacturer of the patented article 
applies to counsel to institute proceedings against in- 
fringers, and it may be then too late to rei>sue the de- 
fective original patent, and obtain a new pateut, upon 
correct specifications and drawings, which will stand 
the test of litigation. Reissues cost the applicant fiom 
$G0 to $100, according to the labor involved, and no 
damages can be collected for infringements committed 
prior to the date of the Reissued Patent. Over ten 
thousand patents have been surreLdered and Reissued 
Patents obtained therefor. 

We make a SPECIALTY of reissuing defective pat- 
ents, and will examine patents when reemested, and 
give opinions as to the correctness of the specifications 
and drawings. 

DESIGN PATENTS. 

A design patent is granted to any person who has in- 
vented and produced any new and original design for a 
manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo or bas relief ; any 
new and original design for the printing of woolen, silk, 
cotton or other fabrics; any new and original impres- 
sion, ornament, pattern, print or picture to be printed, 
painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or worked into any 
article of manufacture, or any new, useful and original 
shape or configuration of any article of manufacture. 
Design Patents are granted for periods of 3£ years, 



22 CLIFF STREET, N. Y. CITY. 18 

seven years, and fourteen years, as may be specified in 
the application. Manufacturers and dealers in clocks, 
silverware, jewelry, carpets, glassware, &c, will find it 
largely to their advantage to thus protect their new 
patterns. 



PUBLIC USE. 

As inventors are now required to make oath, before 
they can obtain a patent, that their invention has not 
been in public use, or on sale, in this country for more 
than two years prior to the date of their ^application, it 
is necessary to make the application within the two 
years limit. This is particularly important, in view of 
the fact that proof of such use or sale is sufficient to 
invalidate what might otherwise be a valid patent. 



MARKING PATENTED ARTICLES, 

Sec. 4900. It shall be the duty of all patentees, and 
their assigns and legal representatives, and of all per- 
sons making or vending any patented article for or un- 
der them, to give sufficient notice to the public that the 
same is patented; either by fixing thereon the word 
''patented," together with the day and year the patent 
was granted ; or when, from the character of the arti- 
cle, this cannot be done, by fixing: to it, or to the pack- 
age wherein one or more of them is inclosed, a label 
containing the like notice ; and in any suit for infringe- 
ment, by the party failing so to mark, no damages shall 



14 WEBB*S PATENT AGEftCTV, 

• 

be recovered by the plaintiff, except on proof that the 
defendant was duly notified of the infringement, and 
continued, after such notice, to make, use, or vend the 
article so patented. 



PENALTY FOR FALSE MARKING. 

Sec. 4901. Every person who, in an}' manner, marks 
upon anything made, used or sold by him for which he 
has not obtained a patent, the name or any imitaiion of 
the name of any person who has obtained a patent 
therefor, without the consent of such patentee, or his 
assigns or legal representatives; or 

Who, in any manner, marks upon or affixes to any 
such patented article the word " patent " or " patentee," 
or the words " letters patent," or any word of like im- 
port, with intent to imitate or counterfeit the mark or 
device of the patentee, without having the license or 
consent of such patentee or his assigns or legal repre- 
sentatives; or 

Who, in any manner, marks upon or affixes to any 
unpatented article the word " patent," or any word im- 
porting that the same is patented, for the purpose of 
deceiving the public, shall be liable, for every such of- 
fense, to a penalty of not less than one hundred dollars, 
with costs; one-half of said penalty to the person who 
shall sue for the same, and the other to the use of the 
United States, to be recovered by suit in any disti ict 
court of the United States, within whose jurisdiction 
such offense may have been committed. 



22 CLIFF STREET, N. Y. CITY, 15 

REJECTED AND ABANDONED AP- 
PLICATIONS. 

Applications for Letters Patent are very often re- 
jected by the Examiners through a misunderstanding 
of the invention, or from failure of the attorney in 
charge of the case to properly prosecute it and point 
out the differences existing between the invention and 
the references cited as anticipating it. We attend to 
such cases for a moderate fee, and when our services 
are required, we will, upon request, furnish a power 
of attorney, authorizing us to proceed in the 
matter. 

Applications for patents which have been allowed are 
sometimes abandoned by the failure of the inventor or 
his attorney to pay the final Government fee within the 
required time. Cases of this character may be revived, 
and a parent for the invention secured. 



TRADE-MARKS. 

Any person, firm or corporation domiciled in the 
United States, or located in any foreign country, which 
by treaty, convention or law affords similar privileges 
to citizens of the United States, and who is entitled to 
the exclusive use of any trade-mark, and uses ihe same 
in commerce with foreign nations or with Indian 
tribes, may obtain registration of the same in the United 
States Patent Office. 

Owners of trade-marks for which protection has 

BEEN SOUGHT BY REGISTERING THEM IN THE PATENT 



16 webb's patent agency, 

Office under the Act of July 8, 1870 (declared 
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United 
States), may register the same for the same goods, with- 
out fee, on compliance with the Statutory require- 
ments of the Act of March 3, 1881. 

Registration of a trade-mark is prima facie evidence of 
ownership. Any person who shall reproduce, counterfeit, 
copy, or color ably imitate any trade-mark so registered and 
affix the same to merchandise of substantially the same 
descriptive properties as those described in the registra- 
tion, shall be liable to an action on the case for damages 
for the wrongful use of said trade-mark at the suit of 
the owner thereof ; and the parry aggrieved shall also 
have his remedy according to the course of Equity to 
enjoin the wrongful use of such trade-mark used in for- 
eign commerce, or commerce with Indian tribes, as 
aforesaid, and to recover compensation therefor in any 
Court having jurisdiction over the person guilty of such 
wrongful act; and Courts of the United States have 
original and appellate jurisdiction in such cases, without 
regard to the amount in controversy. 



LABELS AND PRINTS. 

The act of June i8th, 1874, provides for the 
registration of prints and labels in the Patent 
Office. The labels referred to are those com- 
monly used on bottles, boxes, packages, &c, 
giving the name of the article, directions for use, 
quality, manufacturer, place of manufacture, &c. 



22 CLIFF STREET, N. Y. CITY. 1 1 

As to register a trade-mark the applicant must 
make oath that it has been used in commerce with 
foreign nations or with Indian tribes, many manu- 
facturers and dealers cannot, on this account, 
protect their trade-marks by registration under 
the trade-mark act. Under these circumstances, 
however, a good and valid registration may be 
effected by applying such trade-marks to labels > 
and registering the labels in the Patent Office. 

The certificate of registration of a label con- 
tinues in force for 28 years. 



APPEALS. 

Every application for a patent, or a reissue of a pa- 
tent, which Las been twice rejected upon the same ref- 
erences by the Examiner in charge, is considered as 
being finally rejected, and in condition for appeal. 
Three appeals may be taken in such cases from adverse 
decisions, viz. : First, to the Board of Examiners in 
Chief ; second, to the Commissioner of Patents, who is 
the chief executive and judical officer of the Patent 
Office ; and third, to the Supreme Court of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia. In case of an adverse decision of 
each of these three tribunals, proceedings may be in- 
instituted in the United States Courts, to adjudicate the 
rights of the applicant in the premises. Our fees for 
prosecuting appeals are governed by the amount of 
labor involved, and are subject lo special agreement. 






18 WEBB'S PATENT AGENCY, 

INTERFERENCES. 

An interference is a proceeding instituted for the pur- 
pose of determining the question of priority of inven- 
tion between two or more parties, claiming substantially 
the same patentable invention. This proceeding is in 
the nature of a trial, both parties being obliged to file 
statements under oath, called preliminary statements, 
disclosing the date of original conception of the in- 
vention ; of its illustration by drawing or model ; of 
its disclosure to others, and of its completion and of the 
extent of its use. These statements must be prepared 
with great care, and competent counsel should be re- 
tained, as the parties to the interference will be strictly 
held to the dates disclosed by their preliminary state- 
ments. 

After these statements have been filed in the Patent 
Office, the Examiner of Interferences fixes the dates 
within which each party must take and close his oral 
proofs. The case is then, upon the conclusion of the 
testimony on both sides, duly argued before the Ex- 
aminer of Interferences or submitted for his decision. 
Either party may appeal from an adverse decision to the 
Board of Examiners in Chief, and thereafter to the 
Commissioner of Patents, but no appeal can be taken in 
interference cases from the decision of the Commis- 
sioner of Patents. It will be seen that from the nature 
of these proceedings, that competent and experienced 
attorneys are required to properly conduct such con- 
troversies. 

Our fees in these cases are necessarily the subject of 
special agreement corresponding to the amount of labor 
involved in each individual case. 



M CLW$ STREET, Jf. t. crttf. 18 

EXTENSIONS OF PATENTS. 

Patents can only be extended by Special Act of Con- 
gress. Our services may be secured to procure or op- 
pose extensions. 

OPINIONS, 

We make special examinations to determine the 
novelty of any invention either before or after a patent 
has been obtained, and furnish a written opinion re- 
lating thereto. We also examine into the title of any 
patent, and furnish abstracts of title thereof. Our 
charges in these matters are moderate, and are based 
upon the amount of work done. 

A SSIGNMENTS, A GREEMENTS, &c. 

Assignments, agreements, co-partnership articles, 
licenses and other papers relating to patents prepared, 
and recorded when necessary. Our charges in these 
matters are moderate, and depend upon the time given 
to each case. 

INFRINGEMENT SUITS. 

Suits for infringement of patents are brought in Fede- 
ral Courts, and are in the nature of an application to the 
Court for an injunction to restrain the continued unlaw- 
ful use of the patented invention, and for damages for 
such use. Infringements of trade marks and labels may 
also be stopped by injunction in the same way. 



jpMMfl 



20 webb's patent agency, 

Our services can be secured to prosecute or defend 
suits relating to patents, trade-marks, and labels at rea- 
sonable rates. 

COPYRIGHTS. 

Any citizen of the U. S., or resident therein, who 
.shall be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of 
any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, 
engraving, cut, piint, or photograph or negative thereof, 
or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, and 
of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of 
the fine arts, shall, upon obtaining a copyright there- 
for, have the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, pub- 
lishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing and 
vending the same; and in the case of a dramatic com- 
position, of publicly performing or representing it, or 
causing it to be performed or represented by others. 
And authors may reserve the right to dramatize or to 
translate their own works. 

Every applicant for a copyright must state distinctly 
the name and residence of the claimant, and whether 
right is claimed as author, designer, or proprietor. No 
affidavit or formal application is required. 

A printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, 
or photograph, or a description of the painting, draw- 
ing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design for a 
work of the tine arts, for which copyright is desired, 
must be sent by mail or otherwise, prepaid, addressed 
" Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. (V 
This must be done before publication of the book or 
other article. 



22 CLIFF STREET, N. Y, CITY, 21 

Within ten days after publication of each book or 
other article, two complete copies must be sent, pre- 
paid, to perfect the copyright, with the address, "Li- 
brarian of Congress, Washington, D. C." 

Without the deposit of copies above required the 
copyright is void, and a penalty of $25 is incurred. 

In o copyright is valid unless notice is given by in- 
serting in every copy published. 

"Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year - , 

by , in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at 

Washington," or at the option of the person entering the 
copyright, the words: " Copyright, 18 — , by — ." 

The law imposes a penalty of $100 upon any person 
who has not obtained copyright, who shall insert the 
notice, "Entered according to Act of Congress," or "Copy- 
right," or words of the same import, in or upon any 
book or other article. 

Each copyright secures the exclusive right for twenty- 
eight years. Six months before the end of that time, 
the author or designer, or his widow or children, may 
secure a renewal for the further term of fourteen years, 
making forty-two years in all. 

Any copyright is assignable in law, but such assign- 
ment must be recorded in the office of the Librarian of 
Congress within sixty days from its date. 

Copyrights cannot be granted upon trade-marks, nor 
upon labels intended to be used with any article of 
manufacture. If protection for such prints or labels is 
desired, application must be made to the Patent Office, 
where they can be registered. 

Copyrights may be secured through this office for a 
moderate fee in excess of the regular Government charges. 



S3 WEfcB*8 PATHNl* AGJlNv 

COPIES OF PATENTS, &c. 

Printed copies of the specification and drawing of any 
United States patent, which can be obtained from the 
Patent Office in this form, are furnished by us at the 
rate of twenty-five cents each. Copies of assignments, 
licenses, &c. , procured for a small fee in addition to the 
government charge. 

SPECIAL DEPARTMENT 

We have recently organized a special depart- 
ment for the purpose of notifying persons manu- 
facturing under patents, when improvements are 
patented. Parties on our special department list 
are furnished with weekly reports of the pat- 
ents issued each week in their line of business, 
together with printed copies of the specifications 
and drawings of such patents. 

We believe this department will be of large 
value to any manufacturer of patented articles, 
as in this way he will receive early information of 
all new inventions in his line, and will be able to 
communicate directly with the inventors. We 
only charge for the copies furnished at the uni- 
form rate of twenty-five cents each, making no 
charge for our services. 

Parties desirous of taking advantage of this 
opportunity will please send us at once their 



22 CLIFF STREET, N. Y. CITY. 23 

names, addresses, and the kind of goods they are 
making, together with one dollar, which will be 
placed to their credit, and applied to pay for the 
first four copies sent them. 

Address all communications, 

WEBB'S PATENT AGENCY, 

22 Cliff Street, New York City. 

REMITTANCES. 

Always remit by check, P. O. Money Order, regis- 
tered letter, or bank draft, so as to insure safe transmis- 
sion. 



SCHED ULE OF FEES. 

FOR OBTAINING U. S. PATENTS, ENTERING COPYRIGHTS 
AND REGISTERING TRADE-MARKS, PRINTS AND LA- 
BELS, AND PREPARING ASSIGNMENTS, ETC., INCLUD- 
ING GOVERNMENT FEES IN EACH CASE. 

Preparing and prosecuting an application for 
Letters Patent, for a mechanical invention in 
a case involving an ordinary amount of 

labor $25 00 

First Government fee 15 00 

Second " " 20 00 

Total ... • $60 00 

Of this amount, forty dollars is payable when the pa- 



h 



£4 Webb's Latent agency, 

pers are prepared and ready to file in the Patent Office. 
The second Government fee of twenty dollars, may be 
paid at any time within six months of the date of allow- 
ance of the application. 

Preparing and prosecuting an application for 

Letters Patent for a design $15 00 

Governmem fee for design patent, for three and 

one-half years 1 00 

Total $25 00 

Government fee for design patent, for seven 
years, fifteen dollars, making a total 
of . $30 00 

Government fee for design patent, for four- 
teen years, thirty dollars, making a total 
of $45 00 

Preparing and pro?ecuting application for the 
reissue of a patent in any case involving an 
ordinary amount of labor ....... $30 00 

Government fee 30 00 

Total $60 00 

Procuring and entering a copyright .... $5 00 
Government fee 1 00 

Total $0 00 

Preparing and prosecuting application for reg- 
istration of a trade-mark $15 00 

Government fee 25 00 

Total $40 00 



22 CLIFF STREET, N. Y. CITY. 25 

Preparing and prosecuting application for reg- 
istration of a print or label in ordinary cases, 
including Government fee $15 00 

Preparing and recording an assignment of 
a patent, trade-mark, print, label or copy- 
right . ; $5 oo 

Government fee usually 1 00 

Total $6 00 

Preparing and filing an application for a caveat, 

usually $12 00 

Government fee 10 00 

Total • . . $22 00 

With the exception noted, all the fees in each case 
are payable in advance, that is to say, when the papers 
are complete and ready to file. 

Our services in preparing contracts and licenses, and 
in prosecuting appeals, interferences and infringement 
suits, are always the subject of special agreement. 



26 Webb's patent agency, 

FOREIGN PATENTS. 

American inventions are regarded with great 
favor in foreign countries, and the amounts re- 
ceived from the sale of foreign patents very often 
exceed the inventor's profits in this country. 
This is particularly true of patents for American 
inventions in England, Canada, Germany, France 
and Belgium. 

We append a brief statement of the means 
necessary to obtain foreign Patents, together with 
the population and principal manufactures, and 
the cost of patents in the principal countries. 

Since the first edition of this book was pub- 
lished, we have made connections abroad which 
enable us to materially reduce the cost of foreign 
patents applied for through us. (See schedule of 
fees, page 40.) 



ARGENTINE REPUBI1C. 

POPULATION 2,500,000 — PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, 
PONCHOS, ROPES, SADDLE-CLOTHS, MOROCCO, LEATHER 
AND WOODEN WARE. 

Two kinds of patents are granted, viz: Patents of In- 
vention and Patents of Importation. The term varies 
from one to ten years, and the invention must be worked 
within one year from the date of the grant. 

Very few patents are taken out, as the cost is large 
and the term limited to a few years. 



%% CLIFF STREET, N. Y. CITY. 2? 

4 USTRALIA. 

POPULATION 1,800,000 — PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, 
GLASS, PAPER, CLOTH, OIL-CLOTH, DYES, BEER, 
STARCH, SOAP, CIGARS, PIANOS, SAFES, AGRICULTURAL 
IMPLEMENTS, ENGINES, CARRIAGES, BRUSHES, LEATH- 
ER, WOOLEN CLOTHS, SUGAR, WINES, LIQUORS. 

Each of the separate Australian Colonies of New 
South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South and West 
Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania, have independ- 
ent Patent Laws. Patents may be obtained in each 
Colony, and remain in force for a period of from seven 
to fourteen years. During the life of the patent, the 
patentee or owner of the patent has the exclusive right 
to make, use and sell the invention. Special informa- 
tion relating to patents in these Colonies, and cost 
thereof, will be furnished at our office. 

AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY. 

population 34,904,435 — principal manufactures, 
iron, chemical preparations, glassware, look- 
ing glasses, hemp and flax, woolen and cotton 
fabrics, tobacco, jewelry, musical instru- 
ments, etc. 

Patents may be obtained by foreigners, as well as 
natives, and one application is sufficient for the whole 
Austro-Hungarian Empire. 

The invention must be worked in Austria or Hungary 
within a year of the date of issue of the patent, and at 
some time during every two years thereafter. The term 
of a patent is limited to 15 years, but they are usually 



■ ■ 



28 webb's patent agency, 

taken out for one year, and renewed from year to year 
upon payment of a small renewal tax. Foreigners are 
no longer required to piove possession of a correspond- 
ing patent in some other country, and patents are now 
renewed, upon payment of the taxes, without requiring 
proof of the actual working of the invention in the 
Kingdom. 

Patents for designs are not granted to U. S. citizens. 

BELGIUM. 

POPULATION 5,336,185 — PRINCIPAL manufactures, 
LINEN, LACES, DAMASK, WOOLENS, COTTON GOODS, 
HOSIERY, CARPETS, MACHINERY, FIRE-ARMS, IRON, 
ETC. 

Any person may obtain a patent, but when the ap- 
plicant is not the inventor, he had better obtain the in- 
ventor's consent to the application in writing, and keep 
it for his own protection. 

Three kinds of patents are granted, viz. : (1.) Patents 
of Invention ; (2.) Patents of Importation ; and (3.) 
Patents of Improvement. 

A patent of invention is granted to the inventor, pro- 
vided he makes application iu Belgium before Hpplying 
in any other country. Patents of importation are 
granted to any person who has previously app.i; d for or 
obtained a foreign patent. Patems of improvement are 
granted for modifications of any invention described in 
a piior Belgian patent granted to the s une person. No 
separate annuities have to be paid on patents of improve- 
ment, and they remain in force during the life of the 
original patent, 



22 CLIFF STREET, N. Y. CITY. $9 

Patents of invention are granted for a period of 
twenty years ; patents of importation, remain in force 
during the life of the foreign patent; and patents of im- 
provements during the life of ihe original Belgian pa- 
tent. Usually, patents are s cured for the term of one 
year, and thereafter renewed from year to year, upon 
payment of the annual tax. 

Design Patents.— Printed or woven designs for 
textile fabrics, and similar goods, may be patented in 
Belgium. 



BRAZIL, BRITISH GUIANA, BRITISH INDIA, 
CEYLON, GREECE AND MEXICO. 

Patents for mechanical inventions may be obtained, 
but are very rarely applied for by American inventors. 
Information furnished upon application to our office. 



CANADA. 

POPULATION 3,906,810— PEINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, 
FLOUR, LUMBER, FURNITURE, HARDWARE, PAPER, 
CHEMICALS, SOAP, BOOTS AND SHOES, COTTON AND 
WOOLEN GOODS, STEAM ENGINES, AGRICULTURAL 
IMPLEMENTS, COARSE CLOTHS (HOMESPUN ), FLANNELS, 
BED LINEN, BLANKETS, CARPETS AND TWEEDS, LEA- 
THER, SADDLERY AND HARNESS, TOBACCO, MACHINERY, 
NAILS, GUNPOWDER, CARRIAGES, PIANOS, HATS AND 
CAPS, SEWING MACHINES. 

Patents are only granted to the inventor or Ms legal 



30 webb's patent agency, 

assigns. The full term is fifteen years, but tbe patent 
is usually taken for five years, and thereafter renewed. 
When the invention can be so illustrated, a model 
must be filed before the patent can be obtained. When 
the invention relates to a composition, samples or speci- 
mens must be furnished. The model can only be 38 
inches in its greatest dimensions, and when admissible, 
from the nature of the case, a woiking model is je- 
quired. 

The invention must be icorked in Canada within two 
} r ears from the date of the application, and thereafter 
arrangements must be m-ide to keep the invention " on 
sale," so that any person desiring to purchase or use it, 
may be able to obtain the patented article, or the pro- 
ducts thereof. 

Inventions which have been patented in the United 
States or other countries, cannot be patented in Canada, 
unless the application is filed within one year from the 
date of the earliest foreign patent for the same inven- 
tion. And, if duiing this same period, any person in 
Canada shall manufacture and sell the invention 
previously patented in any foreign country as stated, 
then such manufacturer shall have the right to continue 
such manufacture and sale unrestricted, but this rule 
does not apply to persons who shall only commence to 
manufacture after the application for a Canadian patent 
has been filed. 

Caveats. — Caveats may be filed to protect inventions 
not entirely perfected. They remain in force for one 
year, and the proceedings and requirements are sub- 
stantially the mm? as in tbe United States. 



22 CLIFF STREET, N. Y. CITY. 31 

DENMARK AND ICELAND. 

POPULATION 1 , 912, 142 — PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, 
SILK, LINEN, WOOLEN AND COTTON GOODS, LEATHER, 
LACES, GLOVES, STRAW HATS, SAIL CLOTH, THREAD, 
PAPER, SOAP, GLASS, EARTHENWARE, PLATED WARE, 
IRON-WARE, SALTPETRE, GUNPOWDER, ARMS, RE- 
FINED SUGAR, TOBACCO, SODA, POTASH, BRANDY AND 
MALT LIQUORS. 

Any person may obtain a patent. The term of a pat- 
ent c-mnot exceed twenty years, and rarely exceeds 
three years. 

The invention must be worked during each year of the 
life of the patent. 

FRANCE. 

POPULATION 36,905,788— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, 
SILK, JEWELRY, BRONZES, SURGICAL AND PHILO- 
SOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS, BOOKS, LACES, CABINET 
FURNITURE, EMBROIDERIES, IRON, CUTLERY, HARD- 
WARE, PORCELAIN, EARTHENWARE, WATCHES, LEATH- 
ER, WOOLENS, LINENS, COTTONS, GLASSWARE, PAPER, 
SUGAR, TOBACCO, WINES. 

Any person may obtain a patent, but when the in- 
vention has been previously patented abroad, it is ad- 
visable to make the application in the name of the 
" author of the invention already patented abroad," or 
his legal assigns. 

The full term of a patent is 15 years, but they are 
usually taken out for one year, and renewed from year 
to yea?\ by payment of an annual tax of about $?° 



32 WEBBS PATENT AGENCY, 

The invention must be loorked in France within two 
years of the date of issue of the patent, and during 
every two years thereafter. Patents of addition for im- 
provements on any invention previously patented in 
France, may be obtained by the same person. 

No patents are granted for medicinal preparations, 
patent medicines, or remedies of any kind. 

Design Patents.— Patents are granted for designs 
for new shapes or forms, and for patterns, printed, 
woven, or otherwise produced upon or in any material, 
such as iron, wood, glass, paper, leather, woven 
fabrics, etc. 

GERMANY. 

population 42,727,360 — principal manufactures, 
woolens, silks, paper, cabinet furniture, toys, 
iron and steel, gold and silverware, glass- 
ware, leather, mathematical and astronomical 
instruments, clocks, beer, wines, sugar. 

Patents are granted to the first applicant, whether he 
is the inventor or not, provided the intention has not- 
been published in printed form in any country before the 
date of the application. But it is usually safer for the 
applicant, if he is not the inventor, to obtain the in- 
ventor's consent in writing, before making the applica- 
tion, and preserve it in case his right to obtain the pat- 
ent should afterwards be questioned. 

The duration of the patent is 15 years, but patents 
are usually taken for one year and renewed by payment 
of an annual tax. Patents of addition are granted fcr 



22 CLIFF STREET, N. Y. CITY. 33 

alterations or improvements in any invention previously 
patented in Germany. 

Such patents are continued in force by the prolonga- 
tion of the original patents to which they relate, and no 
separate annuities are required. 

The law requires that the invention must be worked 
in Germany within three years from the date of the 
grant, but this does not mean that it must be manu- 
factured in Germany, as the provisions of the Patent 
Act will be fully complied with if the patented article is 
placed on the market and advertised for sale in the Em- 
pire, although it may have been manufactured else- 
where. 

Persons who deliberately manufacture or sell a pat- 
ented article, without the consent of the patentee or 
owner of the patent, are liable to a fine of 5,000 marks 
(about $1,100), or to imprisonment for one year, in ad- 
dition to payment of damages to the party aggrieved. 

Designs. — Ornamental designs may be protected by 
registration. 



GREAT BRITAIN. 

POPULATION 31,628,338— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, 
COTTON, WOOL, SHODDY, WORSTED, FLAX, SILK, 
IRON, STEEL, COPPER, BRASS, AGRICULTURAL IM- 
PLEMENTS, GLOVES, PAPER, BEER, HATS, GLASS, 
POTTERY, SOAP, LACE, IRON SHIPS, LINEN, WHISKEY, 
COMBS, STEAM ENGINES, FLANNEL, ETC. 

Who May Obtain a Patent.— A British Patent 
r#n he obtained either fry the true Inventor, or by a per- 



34 Webb's patent agency, 

son to whom the invention has been communicated. In 
the first case, the applicant declares himself to be the 
true and first inventor, and in the second case, that the 
invention is a communication. Any person (not a resi- 
dent in Great Britain) becoming acquaint d with an in- 
vention, can obtain a perfectly valid British Patent 
therefor, by communicating it to a person residing in I 
Great Britain (for instance, to a Patent Solicitor in Lon- I 
don, through a Patent Solicitor in New York), and the j 
real inventor has no remedy whatever afterwards, unless f 
fraud can be very clearly proved. Hence, if an Arnerij 
can inventor desires to obtain a British Patent for hk 
invention, he should make the application before 1m in 
vention becomes public in this country. 

Duration of Patent and Territory Coverel 
— British Patents are granted for the term of fourtee 
years, subject to the payment of a stamp duty of £C. 
before the expiration of three years, and £100 befo 
the expiration of seven years. A British Pate> 
covers Great Britain, Ireland, the Channel Islands, a; 1 
the Isle of Man. 

Validity of Patent, as Affected by Prior Pi . 
lication or Use. — " A valid British Patent cannot 
" obtained, if, prior to the application for the same, } 
" invention has become public, in Great Britain, 
" means of books or otherwise; but the amount of 
''formation given by the prior publication, what^ 
" may be its nature, must, in order to avoid a su, 
" quent patent, be equal to that required to be give 
" a specif cation — that is to say, it must be enough toen- 
" able the public to carry the invention into practical 



$2 CLIEF STREET, % ¥, CITY. 36 

u use. Publication or use in a foreign country 
" does not affect the validity of a British Patent/' 

The printed copies of American specifications issued 
by the TJ. S. Patent Office, do not reach England until 
about six months after the date of the American Patents. 
The Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office, pub- 
lished weekly, and containing the claims of patents, and 
partial illustrations of the inventions referred to in such 
claims, reaches England in about tico weeks after its date, 
but this publication rarely contains information suffic- 
ient to invalidate a British Patent granted subsequently, 
and before the complete specifications of the American 
Patent are received at the library of the English Patent 
Office. 

Working-.. — The invention does not have to be 
worked within the Kingdom, and may be imported. 

The Application. — The applicant may take the pat- 
ent out at once by paying the full cost ($'225.00), or he 
may proceed by three or four steps, and thus graduate 
Jthe payment of the fees. For instance, he may file, 
first, what is called a provisional specification. This pro- 
tects his invention for a period of six months, during 
vhich time the specification is considered confidential and 
{ zept secret. If he proceeds in this way, the proceedings 
vould be as follows ; 

1st Step. — Application for provisional protection (cost 
75, payable in advance). 2d Step. — Notice to proceed 
- lost $3r.50, payable icithin two months of the date of 
application). 3d Step.— dealing (issue of patent), (cost 
$62.50, payable within three months of the date of appli- 
cation). 4th Step. — Fifing final specification (cost $50, 



36 WEBB'S PATENT AGENCY, 

payable within four months of the date of application). Or, 
he can file a complete instead of a provisional specifica- 
tion, and then the proceedings would be the same as 
above, except that the 4th step would be omitted, and 
the cost of the first would be $125 instead of $75. 

Designs. — Useful and ornamental designs may be 
protected by registration. The following classes of 
articles of manufacture and substances to which designs 
may be applied, can be registered : Articles composed 
wholly or chiefly of metal, wood, glass, earthenware, 
bone, ivory, pajier-mache, or other solid substances; 
paper-hangings, carpets, floor-cloths, oilcloths, shawls, 
yarn, thread or warp, woven fabrics, lace and other ar- 
ticles. 

The term of the copyright varies from one to five 
years, 

ITAL Y. 

POPULATION 26,801,154— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, 
SHIP BUILDING, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, SILKS, 
EARTHENWARE, STRAW-GOODS, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, 
MACARONI, ETC. 

Any person may obtain a patent, whether he is the 
inventor or not. The duration of the patent is limited 
to 15 years, and it may be secured for periods varying 
from one to fifteen years. If the patent is granted for 
a term not exceeding five years, the invention must be 
worked in Italy, within one year from the date of the 
patent. If the term exceeds five years, the invention 
must be worked within two years, and during every twg 
years thereafter. 



%% CLIFF STREET, N. Y. CITY. 87 

Medicines are not patentable . 

Infringers are liable to a fine of about $100, and may 
be assessed damages, and the articles made by them in 
inf ringement of the patented invention can be confis- 
cated. 

Patents of Addition. — Are granted at any time 
during the life of a patent, for modifications of an in- 
vention patented in Italy, and the annual taxes paid 
on the original patent keep the patent of addition in 
force. 

Designs. — Ornamental designs can be protected by 
registration. 

NORWAY. 

POPULATION 1,806,900 — PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, 
LIQUORS, CLOTHS, SILKS, COTTON, LEATHER, TOBACCO, 
SUGAR, METALS, PAPER. 

Any one can obtain a patent. The term is limited to 
10 years, and is fixed by the Government in each case. 
The invention must be icorked in Norway within one 
year from the date of the patent. 

PORTUGAL. 

POPULATION 4, 745 , 024 — PRINCIPAL manufactures, 
COTTON, WOOL, SILK, PAPER, CHEMICALS, EARTHEN- 
WARE, PORCELAIN, p LACE, COPPER AND TINWARE, 
RIBBONS, EMBROIDERIES, HATS, SOAP, GLASS, TO- 
BACCO. 

Duration of patents limited to 15 years. Granted to 



88 webb's patent agency, 

the first inventor or importer. May be first procured 
for 5 years, and thereafter prolonged to the full tenn of 
15 yeas, by paying an additional Government fee. The 
invention must be loorked at some time during the first 
half of the term, and the working must be public at cer- 
tain stated times. 

RUSSIA. 

POPULATION 88,399,808— PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES, 
WOOLEN GOODS, SILK, COTTON, LINEN, LEATHER, 
TALLOW, CANDLES, SOAP, SUGAR AND METALLIC 
WARES. 

Patents are granted for three, five or ten years, at the 
option of the applicant. But the patent cannot be ex- 
tended or prolonged beyond the original term. No 
patents are granted for inventions adapted only to Gov- 
ernment uses. 

Patents of Importation are limited in duration to the 
term of the prior foreign patent. 

The invention must be worked within the Empire at 
some time during one-fourth of the term. 

SWEDEN. 

POPULATION 4,429,713 — PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURES 
ABOUT THE SAME AS NORWAY. 

The term of a patent is fixed by the Government in 
each case, and never exceeds 15 years. The applica 
tion should be made in the name of the inventor, if pos- 
sible. The invention must be worked at some time with- 
in two years from the date of the grant, 



22 CLIFF STREET, N. Y. CITY. 39 

SPAIN {including CUBA). 

POPULATION 18,209,471 — PRINCIPAL manufactures, 
COTTON, METALLIC WARES, SILK, WOOLEN AND LINEN 
GOODS, LEATHER, FIRE-ARMS, GLASSWARE, SUGAR, 
MOLASSES, COFFEE, WAX, TOBACCO AND SEGARS. 

Patents may be obtained by any one. The term can- 
not exceed 20 years, but the patent may be taken out 
for one year, and extended from year to year, by paying 
an annual fee or tax to the Government. The inven- 
tion must be worked within two years from the date of 
issue of the patent. 



40 WEBBS PATEM AGENCY, 

SCHEDULE OF FEES. 

FOR OBTAINING LETTERS PATENT IN THE PRINCIPAL. 
FOREIGN COUNTRIES, INCLUDING ALL GOVERNMENT 
FEES AND TRANSLATIONS IN EACH CASE AND THE 
COST OF DRAWINGS. 



Former Price . 


Reduced Price, 


Austria and Hungary, 


$100 00 




$ .... 


Belgium and Holland, 


75 00 




65 00 


Canada, 


50 00 




45 00 


Denmark and Iceland, 


150 00 




125 00 


France, 


100 00 




80 00 


Germany, 


100 00 




80 00 


Great Britain, 


250 00 




225 00 


Italy, 


100 00 




.... 


Norway, 


200 00 




120 00 


Portugal, 


250 00 




175 00 


( 3 years 


300 00 




250 00 


Russia, -J 5 " 


350 00 




325 00 


(10 " 


550 00 




500 00 


Sweden 


250 00 




125 00 


Spain, including Cuba 


100 00 







Information relating 


to patents 


in other 


foreign 



countries, furnished upon jipplication by letter, or in 
person, at our office, and special terms made when pat- 
ents for the same invention are applied for in more 
than one country at the same time. 



INDEX. 

PAGE. 

Abandoned Applications 15 

Appeals - . ._.. 17 

Application for a Patent, The 9 

Application Papers, The . 9 

Argentine Republic, Population, Principal Manu- 
factures, &c 26 

Assignments, Agreements, &c 19 

Australia, Population, Principal Manufactures, &c. 27 
Austria and Hungary, Population, Principal Manu- 
factures, &c . . 27 

Belgium, Population, Principal Manufactures, &c. 28 

Brazil, " " " ' 29 

British Guiana " " ;' 29 
British India, " '■ ' "29 
Canada, \* ';' " "29 

Caveats, 11 

Ceylon 29 

Copies of Patents 22 

Copyrights 20 

Denmark and Iceland, Population, Principal Man- 
ufactures, &c. 31 

Design Patents 12 

Examinations, Preliminary 9 

Extension of Patents 19 

Fees, American Patents ..... . 23 

" Foreign Patents 40 



PAGE, 

Foreign Patents 26 

France, Population and Principal Manufactures of 31 

Germany, " " " " " 32 
Great Britain " " " " "33 

Greece 29 

How to Protect an Invention 8 

Infringement Suits 19 

Interferences 18 

Introductory 3 

Italy, Population and Principal Manufactures of . 36 

Labels and Prints 16 

Marking Patented Articles 13 

Norway, Population and Principal Manufactures of 37 

Opinions ........ .... 19 

Penalty for False Marking 14 

Policy of Patent Laws, The 7 

Public Use 13 

Portugal, Population and Principal Manufactures of 37 

Prints and Labels 16 

Reissue Patents, . . . . 11 

Rejected and Abandoned Applications ... . . 15 

Remittances 26 

Russia, Population and Principal Manufactures of 38 

Schedule of Fees, American Patents 23 

" Foreign Patents 40 

Spain, Population and Principal Manufactures of . 39 

Special Department 22 

" Notice 6 

Sweden, Population and Principal Manufactures of 38 

Trade Marks 15 

What is a Patent 7 

What is Patentable 9 

Who may Obtain a Patent 



■ .■ i ■■ r~ ' * 



r 



1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 



. 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 if 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M I M 1 1 1 M 1 1 !l 1 1 ! 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

III Mil II 



019 935 722 



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